A. P. N. Franchimont, Ber. 5, 1048 (1872).

Carboxylic acid dimerization to 1,2-dicarboxylic acids by treating α-bromocarboxylic acids with potassium cyanide followed by hydrolysis and decarboxylation:


N. Zelinsky, Ber. 21, 3160 (1888); O. Poppe, ibid. 23, 113 (1890); R. C. Fuson et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 51, 1536 (1929); 52, 4074 (1930); 60, 1237 (1938); H. N. Rydon, J. Chem. Soc. 1936, 593; H. Henecka, Chemie der Beta-Dicarbonylverbindungen (Berlin, 1950) p 176.